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These questions were developed by the International Social Survey Programme, a collaborative enterprise involving leading academic survey organizations in many countries. This module was proposed by, and the Drafting Group chaired by, Jonathan Kelley and MDR Evans.
Data on them are available not only for Australia but for 9 other nations in 1987-1989. Many of these questions are repeated in the 1992 ISSP "Inequality-II" survey; data on these are available from Australia and more than a dozen other countries.
This section provides two kinds of data: First the data available in the ISSS/ Australia file (which is documented immediately below), and second -- at the end of this section -- a dataset from the ISSP module for 9 nations that has been prepared using the coding and comparability procedures documented in Kelley and Evans (1993).
INEQUALITY-I (Australian data) #Ineq1
at2Rich "(p42q78a)Get Ahead: Wealthy family?"
at2EdPa "(p42q78b)Get Ahead: Well parents'educ.?"
at2Educ2 "(p42q78c)Get Ahead: Your education?"
at2Ambt "(p42q78d)Get Ahead: Ambition?"
at2Able2 "(p42q78e)Get Ahead: Natural ability?"
at2HdWk2 "(p42q78f)Get Ahead: Hard work?"
at2Know "(p42q78g)Get Ahead: Right people?"
at2PCon "(p42q78h)Get Ahead: Political ties?"
at2Race "(p42q78i)Get Ahead: Race?"
at2Relig "(p42q78j)Get Ahead: Religion?"
at2Place "(p42q78k)Get Ahead: Region?"
at2Sex "(p42q78l)Get Ahead: Sex?"
at2PolBf "(p42q78m)Get Ahead: Political beliefs?"
@ GoodOpp "(p43q79 )Percieve good opportunities?"
@ FnHrdWrk "(p43q80 )$Needed: Hard work?"
@ FnRespon "(p43q81a)$Needed: responsibility?"
@ FnSkill "(p43q81b)$Needed: get training?"
***HelpRich "(p43q81c)Inequality: rich & powerful?"
@ FnStudy "(p43q81d)$Needed: Education?"
@ FnProspe "(p43q81e)$Needed: National prosperity?"
@ BusProft "(p43q81f)Profits raise std.of living?"
***NotJoin "(p43q81g)Inequality: ordinary people?"
@ IsBrick "(p44q82a)Bricklayer earns?"
@ IsDoctor "(p44q82b)Doctor earns?"
@ IsBClerk "(p44q82c)Bank Clerk earns?"
@ IsShpOwn "(p44q82d)Shop Owner earns?"
@ IsChair "(p44q82e)Chairman earns?"
@ IsSklWkr "(p44q82f)Skilled Worker earns?"
@ IsFrmLab "(p44q82g)Farm Laborer earns?"
@ IsSecty "(p44q82h)Secretary earns?"
@ IsBusDvr "(p44q82i)Bus driver earns?"
@ IsUnskl "(p44q82j)Unskilled worker earns?"
@ IsCabMin "(p44q82k)Cabinet Minister earns?"
@ O1Brick "(p45q83a)Bricklayer should earn?"
@ O1Doctor "(p45q83b)Doctor should earn?"
@ O1BClerk "(p45q83c)Bank Clerk should earn?"
@ O1ShpOwn "(p45q83d)Shop Owner should earn?"
@ O1Chair "(p45q83e)Chairman should earn?"
@ O1SklWkr "(p45q83f)Skilled Worker should earn?"
@ O1FrmLab "(p45q83g)Farm Laborer should earn?"
@ O1Secty "(p45q83h)Secretary should earn?"
@ O1BusDvr "(p45q83i)Bus driver should earn?"
@ O1Unskl "(p45q83j)Unsk. worker should earn?"
@ O1CabMin "(p45q83k)Minister should earn?"
IGapBig "(p46q84a) $ diff.in OZ too big?"
LessIneq "(p46q84b)Govt: to reduce differences?"
UniPoor2 "(p46q84c)More uni chances for poor?"
gGiveJob "(p46q84d)Govt: provide jobs for all?"
WelfCuts "(p46q84e)Govt: Spend less on poor?"
gPyUnem2 "(p46q84f)Govt: unemployment benefit?"
FloorInc "(p46q84g)Govt: guaranteed income?"
TaxHiInc "(p46q85a)Taxes on high incomes?"
TaxMdInc "(p46q85b)Taxes on middle incomes?"
TaxLoInc "(p46q85c)Taxes on low incomes?"
TaxProg2 "(p46q85d)High incomes pay more tax?"
*cnfPoor "(p47q86a)Conflict: Rich and poor ?"
*cnfClass "(p47q86b)Conflict: Classes ?"
*cnfUemp "(p47q86c)Conflict: Employed and unemployed?"
*cnfWorks "(p47q86d)Conflict: Management and workers?"
*cnfFarm "(p47q86e)Conflict: Farmers and city people?"
*cnfAge "(p47q86f)Conflict: Young and old?"
*cnfSex "(p47q86g)Conflict: Sexes?"
**SubClas3 "(p47q87 )Where on a class scale?"
****SubMobl "(p47q88 )Compare job with father's?"
FaOccX "(p50q91a)Type father's job?"
FstOccX "(p50q91a)What type was your first job?"
OccX "(p50q91a)What type is your job now?"
FaSelfX "(p50q91b)Father self-employed?"
FstSelfX "(p50q91b)First job self-employed?"
SelfX "(p50q91b)Now self-employed?"
USE OF Starred QUESTIONS requires citations to these authors:
* Esser, Hartmut, Peter Ph. Mohler and Michael Braun. 1986. "Measuring Social Conflicts." Presentation to the April 1986 Planning Meeting of the International Social Survey Programme, Mannheim, Germany.
** Smith, Tom. 1986. "Internationally Comparable Measurement of Subjective Social Class." Presentation to the April 1986 Planning Meeting of the International Social Survey Programme, Mannheim, Germany.
*** Jowell, Roger and Sharon Witherspoon. 1986. "Is inequality dispensible?" Presentation to the April 1986 Planning Meeting of the International Social Survey Programme, Mannheim, Germany.
**** Davis, James A. 1986. "The importance of subjective social mobility." Presentation to the April 1986 Planning Meeting of hte International Social survey Programme, Mannheim, Germany.
USE OF QUESTIONS MARKED "@" requires citation to: Kelley, Jonathan and M. D. R. Evans. 1993. "The Legitimation of Inequality: Attitudes Towards Inequality in Nine Nations." American Journal of Sociology 99:75- 125.
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IMAGES OF CLASS
DOZNOW (p49q89a) Pyramid - OZ now? DOZNOW2 (p49q89b) Pyramid - OZ now, next closest? DOZ30AGO (p49q89c) Pyramid - OZ 30 years ago? DOZ60AGO (p49q89d) Pyramid - OZ 60 years ago? DOZ30FUT (p49q89e) Pyramid - OZ 30 years ahead? DOZOUGHT (p49q89f) Pyramid - OZ ought to be? DYOU (p49q90a) Pyramid - Where do you fit? DBRICK (p49q90b) Pyramid - Bricklayer? DDOC (p49q90c) Pyramid - Doctor? DBCLERK (p49q90d) Pyramid - Bank Clerk? DSHPOWN (p49q90e) Pyramid - Ship Owner? DCHAIR (p49q90f) Pyramid - Chairman? DSKWORK (p49q90g) Pyramid - Skilled Worker? DFRMLAB (p49q90h) Pyramid - Farm Laborer? DSECTY (p49q90i) Pyramid - Secretary? DBUS (p49q90j) Pyramid - Business? DUNSKL (p49q90k) Pyramid - Unskilled worker? DCABMIN (p49q90l) Pyramid - Minister?
Citation for use of any of these items: Evans, M.D.R., Jonathan Kelley, and Tamas Kolosi. 1992. "Images of Class: Public Perceptions in Hungary and Australia." AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW 57:461-82.
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LEGITIMATE BASIS OF REWARD
REWRESP (p40q76a) J reward - based on responsibility? REWCOMPX (p40q76b) Based on complexity and difficulty? REWEDUC (p40q76c) Based on education? REWSUPRV (p40q76d) Based on supervising of others? REWPEXP (p40q76e) Based on practical experience? REWIMPT (p40q76f) Based on importance to firm? REWSOCTY (p40q76g) Based on importance to society? REWWELL (p40q76h) Based on how well a worker works? REWHARD (p40q76i) Based on how hard a worker works? REWENRG (p40q76j) Based on energy devoted? REWFRMEX (p40q76k) Based on length of time with firm? REWFRM (p40q76l) Based on other workers in firm recieve? REWOTHIN (p40q76m) Based on other workers in Ind recieve? REWOTHST (p40q76n) Based on other workers in other states get? REWDANGR (p40q76o) Based on how dangerous the job is? REWSTRES (p40q76p) Based on stressful the job is? REWDIRT (p40q76q) Based on how much dirt and danger? REWAFORD (p40q76r) Based on how much the firm can afford? REWAGE (p40q76s) Based on worker's age? REWMARRY (p40q76t) Based on marital status? REWSEX (p40q76u) Based on sex of worker? REWKIDS (p40q76v) Based on children to support? REWNATN (p40q76w) Based on importance to nation?
Use of these items requires citation to:
Kelley, Jonathan and M.D.R. Evans. 1989. "What do Australians think should determine pay?" NATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE SURVEY REPORT 1(3):4-6.
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LEGITIMATE EARNINGS: ADDITIONAL OCCUPATIONS
These occupations are available for Australia only.
OZLAWYER (p41q77a) Oz - Lawyer should be earning? OZBNKMGR (p41q77b) Oz - Bank Manager should be earning? OZSTEELW (p41q77c) Oz - Steel Worker should be earning? OZDENTST (p41q77d) Oz - Dentist should be earning? OZACTU (p41q77e) Oz - ACTU official should be earning? OZNWSOWN (p41q77f) Oz - Newspaper Owner should be earning? OZACCNT (p41q77g) Oz - Accountant should be earning? OZCARWKR (p41q77h) Oz - Car Worker should be earning? OZMNGDIR (p41q77i) Oz - Managing Director should be earning? OZENGNR (p41q77j) Oz - Engineer should be earning? OZJUDGE (p41q77k) Oz - Judge should be earning? OZFACOWN (p41q77l) Oz - Factory Owner should be earning? OZBUTOWN (p41q77m) Oz - Butcher should be earning? OZTEACHR (p41q77n) Oz - Teacher should be earning? OZARCHCT (p41q77o) Oz - Architect should be earning? OZSURGN (p41q77p) Oz - Surgeon should be earning? OZTUNION (p41q77q) Oz - Trade Union Pres should be earning? OZLIEUTN (p41q77r) Oz - Lieutenant should be earning? OZGENRL (p41q77s) Oz - General should be earning?
Use of these items requires citation to:
Kelley, Jonathan and M. D. R. Evans. 1993. "The Legitimation of Inequality: Attitudes Towards Inequality in Nine Nations." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 99:75- 125.
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ISSP IDEOLOGY OF INEQUALITY/ SOCIAL INEQUALITY- ROUND 1, 9 NATIONS
INTERNATIONAL DATA SET: FILE= AJS93ALL.POR (This is an SPSS PORTABLE file)
This contains the data for 9 countries, using the scale development and coding and comparability procedures which we developed for our 1993 AJS article (see below in citation section). These data have been carefully worked over to make them comparable and user- friendly.
COUNTRIES IN THIS DATA SET:
Value Frequency Percent
Australia 1 1663 13.2
W Germany 2 1397 11.1
Britain 3 1212 9.6
Austria 5 972 7.7
Hungary 6 2606 20.7
Netherlands 7 1638 13.0
Switzerland 11 987 7.9
Poland 1987 91 807 6.4
USA (main sample) 96 1285 10.2
------- ------- -
Total 12567 100.0
VARIABLES AVAILABLE:
Variable Minimum Maximum N Label COUNTRY 1 96 12567 Country of survey MALE .00 1.00 12567 WORKING .00 1.00 12567 Working vs not in labour force PROT .00 1.00 12567 Protestant (ref category: Catholic) ATHEIST .00 1.00 12567 Atheist (ref category: Catholic) RELIGNEC .00 1.00 12567 Non-Christian, not Prot-Cath-Athiest AGE 16.00 91.00 12513 Age (years) EDUC2 .00 20.00 12547 Education (years, few miss data) STAT2 .00 100.00 11760 Occupational status (minimum miss data) FASTAT2 .00 100.00 11751 Fathers status (minimum miss data) PROFADM .00 1.00 12567 Occup: Prof, tech & admin LOWWHITE .00 1.00 12567 Occup: Clerical & sales NOOCCUP .00 1.00 12567 Occup: never worked, no answer BLUE .00 1.00 12567 Occup: Blue collar FARM .00 1.00 12567 Occup: Farm SELFEMP2 .00 1.00 12567 Self-employed (few miss) PETTYB2 .00 1.00 12567 Petty bourg (few miss) CAPTLST2 .00 1.00 12567 Own bz & empls (few miss) SUPER .00 1.00 12567 Supervises others at work FAMINCR .25 25.87 11236 Family income (ratio to actual unskilled EARNR .00 13.67 7741 Earnings (ratio to actual unskilled) SUBCLASS .00 1.00 12400 Subjective class, 6 ctgys RIGHTPTY .00 1.00 12083 Political id (pty+vote) HECK1 -.04 11.83 12567 Quasi-Heckman for legit ought $ Qs EQUALWT .45 1.23 12567 COMUNST .00 1.00 12567 OZ .00 1.00 12567 POL .00 1.00 12567 GER .00 1.00 12567 USA .00 1.00 12567 AUS .00 1.00 12567 HNG .00 1.00 12567 HOL .00 1.00 12567 SWS .00 1.00 12567 GB .00 1.00 12567 LOWBLUO2 -1.20 1.93 10885 Low ln blue-collar legit $ (AJS vsn) HIGHO2 -.75 4.77 10686 High ln legit $ (AJS vsn) ISBRICK .30 18.07 10987 Brick layers $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISDOC .38 125.00 10805 Doctors $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISBCLERK .34 12.67 10822 Bank clerk $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISSHPOWN .31 20.43 10347 Shop owner $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISCHAIR .62 208.00 10804 Corp. chairman $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISSKWORK .30 13.57 11082 Skilled workers $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISFRMLAB .20 8.13 10636 Farm labour $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISSECTY .30 9.93 10919 Secretary $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISBUS .30 4.53 10882 Bus driver $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISUNSKL .29 4.57 10966 Unskilled $ IS (/ mean unskilled) ISCABMIN .36 112.00 10180 Cabinet ministers $ IS (/ mean unskilled O1BRICK .30 18.07 10758 Brick layers $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1DOC .36 83.00 10774 Doctors $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1BCLERK .18 14.47 10715 Bank clerk $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1SHPOWN .34 18.07 10241 Shop owner $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1CHAIR .36 125.00 10594 Corp. chairman $ ought (/ mean unskilled O1SKWORK .30 9.03 10786 Skilled workers $ ought (/ mean unskille O1FRMLAB .20 9.03 10508 Farm labour $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1SECTY .30 10.83 10708 Secretary $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1BUS .30 7.23 10725 Bus driver $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1UNSKL .29 14.47 10756 Unskilled $ ought (/ mean unskilled) O1CABMIN .18 166.00 10211 Cabinet ministers $ ought (/ mean unskil ISWLTH 1 9 12567 How imp - Wealthy family? ISEDPNT -1.00 9 12567 How imp - Well educated parents? ISED 1 9 12567 How imp - A good education? ISAMBITN 1 9 12567 How imp - Ambition? ISABILTY 1 9 12567 How imp - Natural ability? ISHRDWRK 1 9 12567 How imp - Hard work? ISWHOKNW 1 9 12567 How imp - Right people? ISPOLCON 1 9 12567 How imp - Political connections? ISRACE -1.00 9 12567 How imp - One's race? ISRELIG -1.00 9 12567 How imp - One's religion? ISREGION -1.00 9 12567 How imp - Part of the country? ISSEX -1.00 9 12567 How imp - One's sex? ISPOLBLF -1.00 9 12567 How imp - Political beliefs? GOODOPP -1.00 9 12567 Your family has a good opportunity in CO PAYWORK 1 9 12567 Large differences in pay are? FNRESPON 1 9 12567 People would not take resp.without pay? FNSKILL 1 9 12567 Wouldn't become skilled unless extra pay HELPRICH 1 9 12567 Inequality exists to benefit the rich? FNSTUDY 1 9 12567 No one would study without extra pay? PROSPER2 1 9 12567 Lge.diff.in pay are necessary for COUNTR BUSPROFT -1.00 9 12567 Big profits improve everyone's std.of li NOTJOIN 1 9 12567 Inequ.exists its not got rid of it? IGAPBIG 1 9 12567 Income differences in COUNTRY too big? IGAPLESS 1 9 12567 Govts resp. to reduce income differences POORUNI 1 9 12567 Govt. should provide more uni chances fo GOVJOB 1 9 12567 Govt. should provide jobs for all? POORLESS -1.00 9 12567 Govt. should spend less on poor benefits GOVUNEMP -1.00 9 12567 Govt. should provide a decent unemp. ben GOVBASIC -1.00 9 12567 Govt. should provide a guaranteed basic TAXHIINC -1.00 9 12567 Tax high incomes? TAXMDINC -1.00 9 12567 Tax middle incomes? TAXLOINC -1.00 9 12567 Tax low incomes? PROGTAX -1.00 9 12567 Should those with high incomes pay more CONPOOR 1 9 12567 Conflict: Rich and poor? CONCLASS 1 9 12567 Conflict: Classes? CONUNEMP -1.00 9 12567 Conflict: Employed and unemployed? CONWORKR 1 9 12567 Conflict: Management and workers? CONFARM 1 9 12567 Conflict: Farmers and city people? CONAGE 0 9 12567 Conflict: Young and old? SUBCLAS2 1 99 12567 Subjective social class (10 point scale) SUBMOBL -1.00 9 12567 Subjective social mobility IHOURS -1 99 12567 HOURS WORKED WEEKLY IEMPSTAT 1 9 12567 CURRENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS ISUPER 0 9 12567 SUPERVISES OTHERS IPVT 0 9 12567 PRIVATE VS PUBLIC SECTOR ITUMEMB -1.00 9 12567 TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP IURBRUR 1 99 12567 URBAN OR RURAL IMARRIED 1 9 12567 MARITAL STATUS ISPEDYRS -1 99 12567 SPOUSE: YEARS IN SCHOOL IIPARTY 0 9 12567 PARTY AFFILIATION IPARTY 0 99 12567 PARTY -- COUNTRY SPECIF. IRELIG 10 99 12567 RELIGION ICHATT 0 9 12567 CHURCH ATTENDANCE ISCLASS -1.00 9 12567 SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL CLASS ISPWORK -1.00 9 12567 SPOUSE: WORKING ISPSEMP -1.00 9 12567 SPOUSE: SELF EMPLOYED IIVOTE -1.00 9 12567 VOTED LAST ELECTION IVOTE -1 99 12567 LAST ELECT COUNTRY SPECIFIC ID 101 1109999 12567 RESPONDENT ID NUMBER
USE OF THESE DATA REQUIRES CITATION TO THE ARTICLE IN WHICH WE ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED AND USED THE SPSS THAT MAKES THESE VARIABLES AND TO THE ORIGINAL INVESTIGATORS FOR EACH COUNTRY THAT YOU USE:
Kelley, Jonathan and M. D. R. Evans. 1993. "The Legitimation of Inequality: Attitudes Towards Inequality in Nine Nations." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 99:75- 125.
Davis, James A. and Tom W. Smith 1988 General Social Surveys, 1972-1988: Cumulative Codebook Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.
Haller, Max and Otto Raubal. 1989. Austrian Social Survey 1987-88 Survey: ISSP Ideology of Inequality/ Social Inequality Module, Round 1. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File. Graz: Institut fuer Soziologie der Universitaet Graz
Hischier, G. and H. Zwicky. 1988. Die Erhebung der Daten und ihre Bestimmungsgruende. (Data Collection and Its Purposes). Codebook and Machine Readable Data File. Zurich: Soziologisches Institut, University of Zurich.
Jowell, Roger, Sharon Witherspoon, and Lindsay Brook. 1988. British Social Attitudes, the 5th Report: 1988/89 Edition. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File. Aldershot, England: Gower.
Kelley, Jonathan, M.D.R. Evans and Clive S. Bean. 1989. International Social Survey Program, Australia: Ideology of Inequality/ Social Inequality, Round 1. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File. Canberra: Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University.
Kolosi,Tamas, Peter Robert, and Mathild. 1989. International Social Survey Programme, Hungary: Ideology of Inequality/ Social Inequality, Round 1. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File . Budapest: TARKI.
Mohler, Peter Ph. and Michael Braun. 1989. AllBus: ISSP Ideology of Inequality/ Social Inequality, Round 1, West Germany. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File. Mannheim, Germany: Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden, und Analysen.
Slomczynski, Kazimierz, Ireneusz Bailecki, Henryk Domanski, Krystyna Janicka, Bogdan W. Mach, Zbigniew Sawinski, Jonna Sikorska and Wojciech Zaborowski. 1989. Struktura Spoleczna: Schemat Teoretyczny i Warsztat Badawczy. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File Warsaw: IFIS PAN.
Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung. 1989. International Social Survey Programme: ISSP 1987, Social Inequality. Codebook and Machine Readable Data File. (Codebook ZA-No.1680, 2d ed.). Koeln: Zentralarchiv fur Empirische Sozialforschung der Universitaet zu Koeln. (Bachemer Strasse 40, D-5000 Koeln 41, Germany).